The oyambirira ntchito ultrasound mu biochemistry ayenera kuphwanya selo khoma ndi ultrasound kumasula nkhani zake.Wotsatira maphunziro asonyeza kuti otsika kwambiri ultrasound akhoza kulimbikitsa zamchere zamchere anachita ndondomeko.Mwachitsanzo, akupanga walitsa wa madzi michere m'munsi akhoza kuonjezera kukula kwa algal maselo, motero kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni opangidwa ndi maselo ndi katatu.

Poyerekeza ndi mphamvu kachulukidwe wa cavitation kuwira kugwa, mphamvu kachulukidwe akupanga phokoso kumunda wakhala anakulitsa ndi mabiliyoni nthawi, chifukwa mu yaikulu ndende ya mphamvu;Sonochemical zochitika ndi sonoluminescence chifukwa cha kutentha ndi kuthamanga opangidwa ndi cavitation thovu ndi wapadera mitundu ya mphamvu ndi zinthu kuwombola mu sonochemistry.Choncho, ultrasound amatenga mbali yofunika kwambiri mu mankhwala m'zigawo, biodiesel kupanga, organic kaphatikizidwe, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono mankhwala, kuwonongeka kwa poizoni organic zoipitsa, mankhwala anachita liwiro ndi zokolola, chothandizira dzuwa chothandizira, biodegradation mankhwala, akupanga lonse kupewa ndi kuchotsa, kwachilengedwenso selo kuphwanya. , kubalalitsidwa ndi agglomeration, ndi sonochemical anachita.

1. akupanga kumatheka mankhwala anachita.

Ultrasound kumatheka mankhwala anachita.Waukulu kuyendetsa mphamvu ndi akupanga cavitation.Kugwa kwa cavitating kuwira pachimake umabala m`deralo kutentha, kuthamanga kwambiri ndi zotsatira zamphamvu ndi yaying'ono ndege, amene amapereka latsopano ndi wapadera kwambiri thupi ndi mankhwala chilengedwe zimachitikira mankhwala zovuta kapena zosatheka kukwaniritsa pansi zinthu bwinobwino.

2. Akupanga chothandizira anachita.

Monga latsopano kafukufuku kumunda, akupanga chothandizira anachita wakopa chidwi kwambiri.Zotsatira zazikulu za ultrasound pa catalytic reaction ndi:

(1) Kutentha kwambiri komanso kuthamanga kwambiri kumathandizira kusweka kwa ma reactants kukhala ma free radicals ndi divalent carbon, kupanga mitundu yogwira ntchito;

(2) Shock wave ndi yaying'ono ndege ndi desorption ndi kuyeretsa zotsatira pa olimba pamwamba (monga chothandizira), amene angathe kuchotsa zinthu padziko anachita kapena intermediates ndi chothandizira pamwamba passivation wosanjikiza;

(3) Kugwedezeka kwamphamvu kumatha kuwononga kapangidwe kake

(4) Obalalika reactant dongosolo;

(5) Akupanga cavitation amawononga zitsulo pamwamba, ndi mantha yoweyula kumabweretsa mapindikidwe zitsulo latisi ndi mapangidwe mkati mavuto zone, amene bwino mankhwala anachita ntchito ya zitsulo;

6) Limbikitsani zosungunulira kuti zilowe mu olimba kuti mupange zomwe zimatchedwa kuphatikizika;

(7) Kupititsa patsogolo kubalalitsidwa kwa chothandizira, akupanga nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera chothandizira.Akupanga walitsa akhoza kuonjezera pamwamba dera chothandizira, kupanga yogwira zigawo zikuluzikulu kumwazikana kwambiri wogawana ndi kumapangitsanso chothandizira ntchito.

3. Akupanga polima umagwirira

Kugwiritsa ntchito akupanga zabwino polima umapangidwira kwakopa chidwi.Akupanga mankhwala akhoza kunyoza macromolecules, makamaka mkulu maselo kulemera ma polima.Cellulose, gelatin, mphira ndi mapuloteni akhoza kunyozedwa ndi akupanga mankhwala.Pakali pano, ambiri amakhulupirira kuti akupanga kudzitsitsa limagwirira ndi chifukwa cha mphamvu ndi mkulu mavuto pamene cavitation kuwira bursts, ndi mbali ina ya kudzitsitsa mwina chifukwa cha kutentha.Pazifukwa zina, mphamvu ya ultrasound imatha kuyambitsa polymerization.Wamphamvu ultrasound walitsa angayambe ndi copolymerization wa polyvinyl mowa ndi acrylonitrile kukonzekera chipika copolymers, ndi copolymerization wa polyvinyl acetate ndi polyethylene okusayidi kupanga kumezanitsa copolymers.

4. Chatsopano mankhwala anachita luso kumatheka ndi akupanga kumunda

Kuphatikiza kwatsopano mankhwala anachita umisiri ndi akupanga munda kuwongoleredwa ndi wina angathe chitukuko malangizo m'munda wa akupanga umagwirira.Mwachitsanzo, supercritical madzimadzi ntchito monga sing'anga, ndi akupanga munda ntchito kulimbikitsa chothandizira anachita.Mwachitsanzo, madzimadzi apamwamba kwambiri amakhala ndi kachulukidwe kofanana ndi madzi ndi mamasukidwe akayendedwe ndi kufalikira kofanana ndi gasi, zomwe zimapangitsa kusungunuka kwake kukhala kofanana ndi madzi komanso kusamutsa kwake kochuluka kukhala kofanana ndi gasi.The deactivation wa heterogeneous chothandizira akhoza bwino pogwiritsa ntchito uthenga solubility ndi mayamwidwe zimatha supercritical madzimadzi, koma mosakayikira icing pa keke ngati akupanga munda angagwiritsidwe ntchito kulilimbitsa.The mantha yoweyula ndi yaying'ono ndege kwaiye ndi akupanga cavitation sangathe kwambiri kumapangitsanso supercritical madzimadzi kupasuka zinthu zina zimene zimabweretsa chothandizira deactivation, kuchita mbali ya desorption ndi kuyeretsa, ndi kusunga chothandizira yogwira kwa nthawi yaitali, komanso kusewera udindo woyambitsa, amene akhoza kumwazikana dongosolo anachita, ndi kupanga misa kutengerapo mlingo wa supercritical madzimadzi mankhwala anachita pa mlingo wapamwamba.Komanso, kutentha ndi kuthamanga kwa m'deralo popangidwa ndi akupanga cavitation adzakhala abwino kwa akulimbana reactants mu ufulu ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira ndipo kwambiri imathandizira zimene mlingo.Pakali pano, pali maphunziro ambiri pa mankhwala anachita supercritical madzimadzi, koma ochepa maphunziro kuwongola amenewa anachita ndi akupanga kumunda.

5. ntchito mkulu-mphamvu akupanga mu biodiesel kupanga

Chinsinsi yokonza biodiesel ndi chothandizira transesterification wa mafuta asidi glyceride ndi methanol ndi ena otsika mpweya alcohols.Ultrasound akhoza mwachionekere kulimbitsa transesterification anachita, makamaka heterogeneous anachita kachitidwe, akhoza kwambiri kumapangitsanso kusanganikirana (emulsification) zotsatira ndi kulimbikitsa osalunjika maselo kukhudzana anachita, kuti zimene poyamba ankafunika kuchitidwa pansi kutentha (kuthamanga kwambiri) zinthu imatha kumalizidwa firiji (kapena pafupi ndi kutentha kwa chipinda), ndikufupikitsa nthawi yochitira.Akupanga yoweyula si ntchito mu transesterification ndondomeko, komanso kulekana anachita osakaniza.Ofufuza ku Mississippi State University ku United States ntchito akupanga processing popanga biodiesel.Zokolola za biodiesel zinadutsa 99% mkati mwa mphindi 5, pamene ochiritsira mtanda riyakitala dongosolo anatenga oposa 1 ora.